causes of political violence in africa

Political Violence in Africa: Thoughts on Its Causes and Mitigators. On Sources of Political Violence in Africa: The Case of ... Conflict and Violence in Africa: Causes, Sources and Types ... But the looting and protests are indicative of the failure of political leadership and an . Armed conflicts in Africa during the twentieth century caused an enormous loss of human life, the collapse of socio-economic systems, and the degradation of health and education services across the continent. The African country of Rwanda has a long history of ethnic conflict. The causes of violent conflicts were the rise of criminal groups and criminal activities with an index of 2.93 on a scale of 5. Conflict usually occurs primarily as a result of a clash of interests in the relationship between parties, groups or states, either because they pursuing opposing or incompatible goals. While it may not seem relevant to Invictus Institute, it is important to note that we operate in . Violence is psychological. PDF Economic and Political Causes of Civil Wars in Africa ... 'For instance', to quote Niels Kastfelt (2005:2), 'the region from the southern Sudan through northern Uganda to Rwanda, Burundi, and Congo - now the scene of brutal civil 1 Introduction The Causes & Costs of War in Africa Humans have always been prone to violence ever since their debut on the planet. Less armed conflict but more political violence in Africa ... Politics and poverty caused past conflicts in East Africa -- not climate . Youth of Africa: Unemployment, social cohesion and ... In South Africa in particular, political and ethnic strife, originally fuelled by the . Political violence is a threat to building a strong, efficient and visible democratic Africa. From the Nigerian Civil War to the Somali Civil War, these 20th Century conflicts submitted civilians to intense physical and psychological trauma that negatively 'For instance', to quote Niels Kastfelt (2005:2), 'the region from the southern Sudan through northern Uganda to Rwanda, Burundi, and Congo - now the scene of brutal civil 1 Introduction The Causes & Costs of War in Africa Abstract. Journal on Science and World Affairs, 2(2), 59-69. Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation 1 Drivers of Violence in South Africa Research shows that there is no single cause of violence in South Africa. Introduction . Political Violence, Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy in the Horn of Africa: Causes, Effects, Prospects Alem Hailu Long before violence and terrorism became a global household concern, The Horn of Africa had been a major theater in which deadly conflicts framed along the ideologies of On Sources of Political Violence in Africa: The Case of "Marginalizing State" in Sudan. Electoral violence leads to political instability. Political Violence In South Africa. Poverty, Relative Deprivation and Political Exclusion as Drivers of Violent Conflict in Sub Saharan Africa. POLITICAL violence results from political conflict. been lost and violence has cost African countries billions as a result of wanton destruction and foregone economic gains, in spite of numerous attempts to foster sustainable peace O. ver time the , nature and causes of violent conflict have changed as political, economic, social and environmental circumstances evolved. Political Violence, Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy in the Horn of Africa: Causes, Effects, Prospects Alem Hailu Long before violence and terrorism became a global household concern, The Horn of Africa had been a major theater in which deadly conflicts framed along the ideologies of KwaZulu-Natal had been an epicentre of political violence during the 1980s, and this fighting was intensified during these . It is a mental stimulus response mechanism. In Africa, this has led to disaffection and violence around elections that are often rigged rather than free and fair. Given the similar structural constraints, the author considers why the Ogoni adopted nonviolent resistance, and the Ijaw violent resistance. DOI: 10.1093/afratf/ads015; for an in-depth discussion of trends during the period from 2010 onwards, see, Paul D. Ghana is a 'beacon of hope' in Africa for its democratic laurels since it entered into multi party democratic elections in 1992. Fourthly, the paper turns to an appraisal of which responses can be deployed to prevent the recurrence (or persistence) of The seminar explored public violence, reflecting on how this phenomenon is understood, what the underlying causes are, and what it means for policing in South Africa. Social conflict and political violence in Africa is a complex subject, and it will be useful to note a few trends in African civil violence, discuss a common (but misleading) explanations for civil wars in Africa, and then suggest two alternative framing for the patterns observed. Research on the causes of violence against women has consisted of two lines of inquiry: examination of the characteristics that influence the behavior of offenders and consideration of whether some women have a heightened vulnerability to victimization. Looking at myriad conflicts in countries such as Liberia, D.R. Open-source conflict data is increasingly used to supplement reporting and analysis of trends in instability in Africa. Legit.ng lists 10 causes of political violence in Nigeria. The decolonization of Africa took place in the mid-to-late 1950s to 1975 during the Cold War, with radical regime changes on the continent as colonial governments made the transition to independent states.The process was often marred with violence, political turmoil, widespread unrest, and organised revolts in both northern and sub-Saharan countries including the Algerian War in French Algeria . Although the term war is sometimes used as a . Secondly, the paper analyses how political violence has historically played out in Kenya. The political dynamics and violence that shape the current series of crises in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) - and daily events in Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Libya, Tunisia, Syria, and Yemen - dominate the current course of virtually every aspect of these states including much of the current course of violence and instability in the region. These conflicts cause not only casualties and refugees but contribute vastly to the spread of disease, malnutrition and starvation, social and economic decline and moral deterioration. Generally, the history of electoral politics in Africa has not been encouraging. Economic and Political Causes of Civil Wars in Africa: Some Econometric Results by John C. Anyanwu* I. The hypothesis of this paper is two-fold: There are multiple root causes of violent extremism in Africa and there is a nexus among these factors. Gender-based violence (GBV) is a profound and widespread problem in South Africa, impacting on almost every aspect of life. Independence struggles and the cold war. For more information on research and degree programs at the NSU Th irdly, the paper identifi es a variety of causes of political violence in Kenya. Using descriptive analysis, we investigated the root cause of political violence in the UMzimkhulu area. Amid poverty, African ruling classes or the elite group who happen to hold power at a particular time, have enriched themselves and become the targets of envy or rivalry by other elite groups. Human violence is as old as humanity itself. Studies of FBI data show that hate crimes—violence against . This introduction will explore what GBV is and some of the forms it takes . When colonialism came to an end in Africa throughout the mid-1900s, the Western colonial powers left a gaping hole in the political fabric of the newly- independent African states. Author contact: aeylonen@hotmail.com. Given the similar structural constraints, the author considers why the Ogoni adopted . This time, I offer my thoughts on political violence in Africa - both its causes, and its mitigators. It is a truism that these two are mother and baby: with political violence being the umbrella under which electoral violence shields itself. Changing Patterns of Political Violence in Sub-Saharan Africa," African Affairs 111, no. This book is divided into seven chapters starting with an introduction to oil and political violence in African conflicts, and includes a synoptic overview of four other resource-rich countries in Africa. Anti government turbulence has also increased in recent years. Causes of Gender Based Violence in Kenya Author Note This research is being submitted on Friday, April 17, 2015 for HCOB 2508 GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT course. When the historical roots are examined, it is clear that much of Africa's current predicaments of poverty, corruption, and violent conflicts are not solely the result of African decisions, but are also the consequence of foreign intrusion into African affairs. On Sources of Political Violence in Africa: The Case of 'Marginalizing State' in Sudan Política y Cultura, otoño 2009, núm. The 2018 Global Peace Index listed South Africa as one of the most violent and dangerous places on earth, and getting worse.. South Africa has a long history of violence. 37-59 F u r th er m o r e , th e i n t e r n at io na l s . A Critical Analysis of Presidential Term Limits in Africa: A Mixed-Methods Case Study of Causes of Political Violence in Burundi. Election related violence has socio-cultural, political and Abstract. 5 1 CURENTAFC IRCS56EN CTUCl5ecC5tIiC5No5ncITI Introduction This background paper is an introductory overview of the causes and experi-ences of election-related violence in relation to patronage politics in Ghana. There are new types of violence in Africa to which we have yet to find adequate ways of responding. The electoral process in many of Africa's 'new' democracies has been characterised by violence. Thirdly, the paper identifies a variety of causes of political violence in Kenya. Dr. Kiven J. Kewir multi-party politics and elections created. Retrieved from NSUWorks, College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences - Department of Conflict Resolution Studies. * Researcher, African Studies Group, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Autonomous University of Madrid. Adeleye Oyeniyi - TRANSCEND Media Service. Introduction Since the end of the Cold War, civil war has become the predominant form of violence globally (Wallensteen and Sollenberg, 2000; de Soysa, 2001; Collier and Hoeffler, 2002). Political Violence in Africa. In every democratic system of governance, election is the only legitimate determinant entrance to political office or leadership, and it is an important element for facilitating good governance practices and consolidation of democracy. The deepest causes of the conflict; economic despair, social injustice, and political oppression. 8046 Words32 Pages. The Causes Of Electoral Violence Politics Essay. However, this enterprise have come along with its own effects (positive and negative) including Election related Violence. Political violence in Africa is rising and it is more complex than before. It is based on this backdrop that the paper seeks to examine the causes of such conflicts, challenges and possible prospects. The impact of violence on society due to political and ethnic rivalry is a well-known phenomenon. The first speaker was Dr Johan Burger ( Download Johan Burger's presentation ), ISS Senior Researcher and retired major-general with 36 years of experience as a police officer . But it is significantly less deadly than in previous decades, according to a number of conflict data sources. The Indian Journal of Political Science Vol. Doctoral dissertation. On the African continent, political and ethnic tensions have led to armed conflicts; many of these conflicts have made their way into schools and classrooms. The . Many of today's challenges are the outcome of colonial political and economic . Leading political violence datasets such as the Armed Conflict Database from the Uppsala Conflict Data Programme, the Peace Research Institute of Oslo and the Social Conflict in Africa Database show that in comparison to other regions of the world, Africa is the leader in neither the frequency nor duration of such major forms of political violence. Published On 14 Jul 2021 Chaos in South Africa as rioters defy security forces The historian would probably use the Congo to argue that natural resources, not ethnicity, have the greatest effect on political violence in sub-Saharan Africa. About 1500 persons died with 600,000 . Throughout the colonial period, conflicts had been resolved with violence, not democracy and diplomacy (Falola 171, 181). African Conflicts and Violence . But from an historical perspective, political independence in Africa was achieved through violence in response to colonialism and imperialism. The most significant risk factors include social Figure 1.1: A Decade of Electoral Violence in Africa, 2004 to 2013 Electoral violence has, in certain instances, catalyzed prolonged political conflict. Even the fact that Africa is so often referred to in a . Violence in eastern and western Central African Republic (CAR) has increased and spread to new provinces in 2018, as the government in Bangui remains unable to extend control outside the capital. 1. On the eve of the November 2012 presidential, parliamentary and local council elections, Sierra Leone is often depicted as a country unrecognisable from a quarter of a century ago. FEATURED RESEARCH PAPER, 21 Aug 2017 . The electoral process in many of Africa's 'new' democracies has been characterised by violence. In any society the most familiar type of violence is war. The impunity that the perpetrators of the political violence enjoy and continue to enjoy in Zambia is at odds with the international commitments voluntarily assumed by Zambia when it ratified both the Covenant on Civil and Political and the African Charter on Human and People's Rights. Since then, the trend line seems to be decreasing but still remains close to 50 percent. The following is an additional essay written for my African Politics course. Youth of Africa: Unemployment, social cohesion and political instability. 2. The history of insecurity in Africa associates high youth unemployment with the numerous situations of instability on the continent. in contemporary Africa that cannot trace its sordid violence to colonial history and even the late nineteenth century. Douma, P. (2006). The number of African Inadequate voter education: The electoral umpire has a major task to carry out educating the voters on the dos and don'ts before, during and after elections. It has GBV (which disproportionately affects women and girls) is systemic, and deeply entrenched in institutions, cultures and traditions in South Africa. This ranges from the conflicts that characterised Africa's security narrative in the early 1990s, mass killings in the Great Lakes region . Rather, several risk factors come together in different ways, depending on context, to enable violence. By reference to public data on political violence for the period 1998 to 2018, Zimbabwe is compared with four of its neighbours in SADC that share a common history of armed struggle; Angola, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, and Zimbabwe. 32, pp. The nature of war has changed over time, and the recent increasing overlap between civil war and apolitical or criminal violence in West Africa, Somalia and the 5 Introduction to African Politics UB/12002602 DRC has brought its definition into question (Kaldor, 2008; Cramer, 2006). The motivation Congo, Burundi, Congo, Somalia, Algeria and Madagascar etc, one wonders as to what could be their causes. Other causes were increased drugs smuggling, trafficking and . There is evidence that human warfare occurred even before the invention of agriculture, around 12,000 to 14,000 years ago in northern Sudan (an area known as Site 117, Jebel Sahaba, Sudan). Fourthly, the paper turns to an appraisal of which responses can be deployed to prevent the recurrence (or persistence) of political violence. But besides war, there are many other characteristics that feed into political violence, such as cults . 1-1 It is an attempt to settle, by violence, disputes over political power, territorial and ethnic issues, and societal stresses such as injustice and poverty. It is vital to address the roots of conflict. The failure of political systems is the main cause of conflict and displacement but climate change can exacerbate this. African Conflicts and Violence. For Africa to develop with these potential resources, the paradox transpires within the continent, which involves political instability, underdevelopment and backwardness. The recent 2016 post election crisis in Gabon12 that left scores dead seems to shows that electoral violence is an intractable phenomenon on the Causes of political violence in Africa. Between December 28, 2007 and February 28, 2008, Kenya experienced one of the most fatal post-election violence in Africa after incumbent Mwai Kibaki was declared winner of the December 27, 2007 presidential election. Revised version of a paper on Electoral reform, political succession and democratisation in Africa, presented at the 27 th Annual Conference of the Nigerian Political Science Association (NPSA), held at Benue State University, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria, 16-19 November 2008. Causes and Consequences of Electoral Violence Election violence is regarded as a sub-category of political violence that is primarily distinguished by its timing and motive. Abstract Africa remains a political exception in many ways: It is still viewed by many political observers and political leaders in other parts of the world as essentially if never explicitly referred to as such inhabited by savages. 443 (2012), 179-201. Causes of political conflict and possible panacea, and solutions. Political Violence and Oil in Africa The book argues that in order to better understand the undercurrents of the Niger Delta conflict, it is imperative to analyse the dynamics of choice in terms of the distinct courses of action taken by the Ogoni and Ijaw. 833-844 POST-ELECTION VIOLENCE IN AFRICA : A Comparative case of Kenya and Zimbabwe N. N. Elekwa Erne, Okechukwu I. It was used as a tool of . Causes of Electoral Violence in Africa Written by Ngah Gabriel sous dir. 3, July-Sept., 201 1, pp. Modern war is not an expression of innate aggression but an economic and social construction. Political dynamics and . Economic discomfort can bail out into conflict. Africa: A Mixed-Methods Case Study of Causes of Political Violence in Burundi Foday Darboe fodaydod@hotmail.com This document is a product of extensive research conducted at the Nova Southeastern UniversityCollege of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences. Today, these twin factors constitute a major cause of violent conflicts and civil strife in West Africa. CAUSES OF GENDER BASED VIOLENCE IN KENYA The causes of gender-based violence are many and varied depending on the types of violence.

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